Animal research is irrelevant to our understanding of human mental health

Creature research has assumed a significant job in addressing basic inquiries in numerous regions of brain science. The requirement for creature testing to improve human wellbeing research has been made clear by crafted by Charles Darwin on the transformative connection among creatures and people. This exposition will talk about whether creature exploration can improve our comprehension of human psychological well-being, all the more explicitly disposition issue, and will consider both contributes and constraints of the use of creature models to examine human issue. The transformative position hypothesizes that feelings are a widespread element created during a developmental procedure that kept going a large number of years. Examination has indicated that in spite of the fact that people open showcases of feelings may change contingent upon the social and social setting, fundamental feelings, for example, bliss and dread have a natural premise which is basic to the entire human species. This equivalent natural premise is found in non-people creatures, particularly in well evolved creatures, as prove by crafted by Charles (Darwin, 2009 [1872], refered to in Datta, 2010), which featured the likenesses among people and creatures in their demeanors of feelings. Creature research have extraordinarily added to our comprehension of the cerebrum structures engaged with seeing feelings; on this theme, Paul MacLean (1990, refered to in Datta, 2010) proposed a ‘triune mind model' recommending that the mind had developed in a progression of three layers, including multifaceted nature in mind working, including view of feelings. The most old layers in transformative terms, the reptilian cerebrum (that controls the body's imperative capacity because of a particular improvement) and the limbic mind (whose fundamental capacity is to record recollections of encounters related with explicit feelings, and to impact our conduct in light of these recollections), are found individually in reptiles and vertebrates, while the last layer, named ‘neocortex' (which underlies the cerebrum's most unpredictable capacities, for example, theoretical idea and language), is a special component of the cerebrum of people and of its nearest family members, gori llas and monkeys. Given the organic liking among people and creatures, it is obvious that creature research assumes a significant job in exploring the natural bases of conduct in human temperament issue. During a test including mice to test the adequacy of ADMs in rewarding sadness and tension, Santarelli et al. (2003, refered to in Datta, 2010) found that stifling neurogenesis made ADMs incapable, revealing the vital job of this procedure in the advancement of state of mind issue. Another analysis directed by Mitra and Sapolsky (2008, refered to in Datta, 2010) on rodents has revealed insight into the relationship among's pressure and uneasiness. Mitra e Sapolsky prompted interminable worry in rodents by infusing them with corticosterone to explore the physiological and social impacts that this condition would deliver. They found that the very structure of their neurons had changed, with more dendrites growing in the amygdala region (whose hyperactivity has been see as a typical quality in state of mind issue); also, rodents who got corticosterone indicated expanded tension during their exhibition in labyrinths. Mitra and Sapolsky reasoned that a transient distressing encounter was adequate to shape the structure of the amygdala, and to cause long haul uneasiness. Datta (2010a) recommends that these impacts are comparative (and along these lines could be applicable) to PTSD side effects in people. Commitment of creature research isn't constrained to organic parts of state of mind issue. Two examinations directed by Meaney and coll. (2001, refered to in Datta, 2010) and by Nestler and coll. (Tsankova et al. 2006, refered to in Datta, 2010) have assisted with explaining the degree to which hereditary qualities impacts the advancement of state of mind issue. Meaney and his group at McGill University examined the job of early educational encounters on the advancement of temperament issue by contrasting the pressure reaction of rodents whose moms prepared and licked them more in their first long periods of life, with that of rodents whose moms were less mindful, finding that sustain can be as significant as nature in characterizing conduct in adulthood. In a subsequent trial directed by similar creators, the little guys of the on edge, less-caring moms were put with the additionally mindful, less-on edge mother, and viceversa: results indicated that, paying little heed to their hereditary penchant to tension and stress, maternal consideration assumed a urgent job in forming the puppies' conduct. Crafted by Nestler and coll. concentrated at this point on another epigenetic factor that influences the advancement of despondency; analysts actuated weakness, a state like sadness, in a gathering of mice, which as an outcome demonstrated socially avoidant conduct and lower levels of BDFN. The two impacts were, in any case, reversible with ADMs treatment. What's more, different scientists directed on rhesus monkeys have connected the job of social chains of importance to the advancement of stress, which can be significant in understanding the weight of present day social orders on people (Datta, 2010b). Just as characterizing which elements are engaged with the advancement of human temperament issue, creature research has significantly added to the improvement of powerful pharmacological medicines (the adequacy and fairness of ADMs on human living being are for sure surveyed with investigates creatures) and conduct treatments dependent on the discoveries of great tests from B. F. Skinner and other compelling therapists, which were completed on creatures. We have thought about how creature research have added to logical comprehension of state of mind issue, however these perceptions ought to be compared with a concise reflection on its cutoff points as far as uses of creature models to people. To start with, while people and creatures share an organic liking, it appears to be dangerous to numerous to aimlessly apply the discoveries got from investigates rodents, pigeons or other lab creatures on human patients; people are for sure very unpredictable creatures, whose conduct is affected by numerous natural, mental and social components. A subsequent breaking point concerns the trouble in getting an immediate record from the creature of his psychological and passionate experience. In spite of these contemplations, creature research is as yet a basic methodological device for current mental examination. A great part of the logical advancement in understanding state of mind issue was gotten from probes creatures that for different reasons (financial, methodological, moral) couldn't have been subbed by elective exploration techniques, for example, human experimentation or PC models. Until specialists will discover elective intends to explore human cerebrum and conduct, it appears that, for the referenced reasons, creature exploration will stay a basic piece of mental examination.

The primary purpose of NQT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The basic role of NQT - Essay Example According to govt. guideline in UK the instructors experiencing this enlistment period have a few insurances and have a few relaxations, for example, educational program coordination and are not need to give the remarkable on work conduct. An unwinding of around 10% is accessible for preparing the expert aptitudes. In any case, on the opposite side there are some severe guidelines for the competitors who neglect to experience as they can never have consent to educate again in the state claimed school. I have start my vocation as a cultivator and needs to keep up the grounds, football pitches, threes, and bloom beds in the school, there I got the chance to educated as low maintenance educator. The branch of plan and innovation extended to me an all day employment opportunity after some time. There I have show my dedication and receive this as a profession, in spite of the fact that my past experience is in various fields which can be seen from my resume. This is pertinent on my past encounters and information, I have been got in past worked regions, may have an intrinsic worth that could augment a current encounter or future undertaking. Perhaps, Hillier is additionally advising that we need to return to our related involvements/information to epitomize we have begun our excursion by making the principal significant stride. 'Boosting an encounter' is, thusly, a dynamic and intelligent undertaking that can be utilized to design further turn of events. I have an exhortation structure a youthful educator structure her perception during my NQT year. 'I feel that you are utilizing all your involvement with your current employment and I'm certain that this advantages your understudies gigantically'. This incited a diary passage thinking about related involvements: 'simply the beginning I didn't require, Maybe I'm not beginning from zero all things considered, however it positively feels like it today. I am, be that as it may, must organize my time; every one of those different employments and interests will need to pause. It would be ideal in the event that I recognized what I know, maybe I am amplifying my own understanding and not that of my students, maybe now I have to think progressively about my students encounters and not my own'. (Concentrate from Personal Journal passage; September 30, 2008) Experimental research watching the effect of in acceptance year indicated the tremendous achievement of the approach, and it is accepted that this procedure as speed up the advancement of new instructors and allowing them the chance to pick up the information and serves to got the right stuff all the more immediately then previously. The experience of NQT can be viewed as positive connection among pleasure in acceptance year and whether key components of enlistment period. There is additionally an idea winning that NQTs are troubled in light of the fact that they are not getting qualification, in any case, the purpose behind this idea winning is the absence of appropriate direction and bolster structure guides. It has been grumbled that enlistment guide are not giving sufficient opportunity and assuming their compelling job. In the NQT length the support of the applicant toward the understudies and the tutor is checked and positioned. Up-and-comer needs to comprehend the prerequisite of the understudies to the best of his/her capacities as per the circumstance and need to discover most ideal arrangement in the

Word of the Week! Avuncular Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Avuncular Richmond Writing Dr. Joe Hoyle, a man Id describe with this word, nominated it. Its a strange world, however, where Howard Stern now gets that descriptor. Professor Hoyle wrote to me that hed encountered that usage recently. Stern has grown wiser from his shock jock days, and while retaining his keen sense of humor, he comes across in interviews as more the listener, the wise older man: the sort of fellow youd not mind having as an uncle. And thats our origin for avuncular. The OED gives its origin as the Latin  avunculus  maternal uncle. Other than an obsolete usage as a term for a pawn broker, our word has maintained its associations with uncles since the earliest recorded usage. Thats modern, compared to many terms that appear here. It dates from the second quarter of the 19th Century.   There may be an older usage; find a wise uncle and ask him.   And if there is a comparable term for aunts, please let me know that as well. Professor Ted Bunn mentioned to me a 1982 column by the late William Safire, where the author polled erudite readers for a female equivalent of avuncular. Amital won the day, but as Safires colleague noted, it sounds to me like a barbiturate. The results are funny, if you are well read and interested in such things. Please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. image courtesy of MidCentArc at Flickr.

Tr137 Narrative Report Example - 745 Words

Mike, I dont even know where to begin, but this is completely unacceptable. My truck TR137 has been down since the end of my shift on Thursday, June 23rd, on my post trip inspection I noted an oil leak and steer axle shock had come unbolted on the bottom, both on the passenger side, both of these items I noted on my VCR. I arrived at the yard on Friday, June 24th at my regular time. On my pre-trip inspection, I noticed that the shock was fixed and that the side of the engine with the leak had been washed, but on the VCR it was only noted that the shock was fixed. I questioned the mechanic on duty, Bill, about the oil leaked, he said they could not find it, but go ahead and run it, well see what happens. Well, I only made it two miles†¦show more content†¦TR124 has an oil leak, the air compressor is covered in oil. The hydraulic connections are leaking on the rear of the truck, so much that there was a puddle under it. See pictures below. Other DOT violations included no current fu el tax permit in permit book (although correct stickers are on the truck), tractor ABS light is on the dash, hydraulic hoses are secured to the truck with bungees, passenger door does not close properly. Another issue that prevented the truck from being ready for operation was the locking bar for the fifth wheel plate, that is needed to run our dump trailers was missing. This brings us to the interior of the cab, and this unto itself is unacceptable! This is the amount of garbage I pulled out of the cab. In case you are wondering, that blue thing is a propane canister, that was just rolling around under the garbage along with an unsecured fire extinguisher and yes a 20lb dumbbell. I do not believe I need to tell you that the companys standing with DOT is not great. Saying this truck is ready for safe operation is completely unacceptable. Furthermore, my life, my safety, and my familys financial well-being, as well as every other driver, depends on proper maintenance of the equipment. The cutting of corners and shoddy work, just to get the job done, does a disservice to every person who operates equipment at this company, those of us who show up and do our jobs properly. I did my job, I did a

The New Fuss About Term Paper Writing Service Custom

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Key Components of a Successful Blog Free Essays

After reading many articles on the web about successful blogging, the main components are fairly universal across the board. The main and possibly most important components would be to blog about something that you have a passion for. Yes, you can fake it for a little while, but eventually you will run out of ideas to write about on that topic, and your readers will lose interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Components of a Successful Blog or any similar topic only for you Order Now You must also be able to gain trust and become and authority among your blog following readers. Another crucial aspect is that you must strive to keep your blog different, and interesting. With as many options as there are across the web today, you must be able to capture your readers’ attention. Also, you must consistently post on your blog, allow response to comments, choose an appropriate template, and create a brief biography to give readers more access about who you are and perhaps why you choose to blog. Lastly, you would probably like your blog to be easy found through search engines and the like, so include some keywords in there that will allow for that. The most important components and the backbone of your entire blogging experience are to write about something that you are passionate about. One of the articles I read gave the analogy of someone from Hawaii writing about ice fishing, even though he or she may have never seen ice (3 Key). Readers can sense this, and will probably not still around long if they feel that the blogger is simply feeding them a bunch of garbage solely to get site hits. Also, you must stay committed to the topic that you decide to blog about, improve your knowledge on the topic, and consistently provide updates in order to hold your reader base. A second component that is also viably important is that you establish yourself as an authority figure on the blogging topic you choose. This can be accomplished several ways, one of which is to simply master your knowledge on the topic at hand, which was discussed in the previous chapter. This alone will not necessarily establish you as an authority figure on the topic, although it will help. With a successful blog, you are going to want to target a specific audience, and adjust your writing styles appropriately to garner the maximum amount of interest in your blog. The next two components of your successful blog go almost hand in hand. Naturally, most bloggers are not looking to read thesis papers on the topics in question, but rather something different, and interesting. You can do this through a variety of ways; your blog can be humorous, thought provoking, or informative (5 Key). Long term, this is very necessary to developing a successful, popular blog. Another aspect that must be considered when trying to keep your blog interesting is the amount of times you post on your blog. It’s a very simple concept; very few readers are going to want to read the same thing over and over again. Bloggers enjoy reading about other peoples’ lives in an interesting, and captivating way. Consistently posting, and dedicating yourself to create and maintain an interesting and addictive blog is a major key in how successful your blog ultimately is. People in general enjoy interaction as well, which is why you want to provide, and encourage, constant feedback from your readers. According to the article titled 5 Key Components to Consider when Creating a Blog, you must remember that your blog is created as a social community, or at the very least, you want your readers to feel that way. The article elaborates on that topic in saying that without the option to comment on your blogs, you have taken away the â€Å"spirit† of the blogging experience. You will simply have a website that is just constantly updated, which will not hold the interest of your readers nearly as long as a friendly, interactive blogging community. With that being considered, the ability and easiness to comment will only get you so far with your blog. You must read over the responses to your article and reply in a timely manor. A reader’s comment can also give you more insight as to what content is most appealing to them and the direction that you’re your blog should follow. Additionally, you will want to entice you readers to comment by initiating a â€Å"Call to Action† of sorts (Attack). This simply is a way to encourage your reader to perhaps subscribe to you blog, or an open ended question to try and entice your readers to leave more comments. The structure of your blog also plays an important role in the ultimate success you will have. If you are creating a blog to try and improve an existing business, or perhaps help a start up business get moving, you would probably like to keep the page looking rather professional. On the other hand, if you are blogging out of the sheer enjoyment of the activity, you will probably want your page to reflect that. Create a fun, entertaining page that will capture your readers’ attention and reflects the mood of your writing. Blogging, as stated earlier, is a social community. Considering this fact, you will also want to include a brief bibliography about yourself. Perhaps why you started blogging, or any other interest you have besides the one that you are writing about in your blog. Doing this creates a more familiar atmosphere that your reader will want to follow and perhaps even comment on. According to the Enzine article, adding a picture to your bio will be helpful, unless you are currently in the witness protection program, which in that case, an Avator or something else along those lines will due. Even if you master all of the previously stated components of a blog, you create a captivating template, and are willing to put forth the time and effort in constantly updating the blog and reading readers’ comments; it could all be in vain. You will want to include keywords in your blogs that will allow it to be more easily available to search engines and the like because, lets face it, if your blog cannot be easily found, how many people to you honestly believe are going to read it? As you can tell creating a blog can be a relatively easy and enjoyable experience. The components of successful blogs are almost universal regardless of which reference you consider. The main thing you must remember is to choose your topic wisely, and be able to expend a large amount of your time in developing, maintaining, and managing your successful blog. Keep all of these components in mind when creating your blog as they are viable to your success and keeping your readers enticed. Works Cited 1. Jacobson, Rich. â€Å"Attack of the Biller Blog. † Web log post. Http://soundbiteblog. com/tag/top-5-ingredients-of-a-successful-blog/. Web. 2. Park, Gyutae. â€Å"3 Key Components of a Successful Blog. † Web. 3. Philpott, TJ. â€Å"5 Key Components to consider when creating a Blog. † Web. How to cite Key Components of a Successful Blog, Papers

Information Technology Changes in Business Strategic IT analysis

Introduction The need to adopt strong strategic initiatives is the natural follow-up to the analysis undertaken on Medical Devices Contract Manufacturing (MDCM), to unearth systemic failures in the company’s operations. The need for the development of strategic measures to solve the supply chain bottlenecks come from the desire to turn around the financial performance of MDCM.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Information Technology Changes in Business: Strategic IT analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process for doing this requires the identification of relevant IT projects that have the best chance of solving MDCM’s problems, followed by an evaluation of the projects to assess their suitability to the company in terms of the impact they will have as solutions to the problem, and whether the company can implement them within its resources. A sequenced list showing the most optimal proj ect will be the output of the evaluation process after the identification of the relevant projects. IT Projects Appropriate for MDCM The previous report contained a number of strategic and tactical initiatives required to turn around the operations of the company. The basic elements in these measures focused on improvements in the supply chain, improvement in information sharing between departments and consolidation of operations in various sections of the company. The most significant element of the strategies that came out in the analysis was the need to utilize IT systems to smooth out the operations of the company. The specific tasks identified included the use of an information platform to streamline marketing by making it possible to develop and execute a consistent marketing strategy across different subsidiaries operating in different markets. Secondly, the report identified the need to streamline the supply chain to ensure that there was an effective procurement regime to r educe productions costs and to reduce the turnaround time. Thirdly, the report identified the need to increase the innovative edge of the company by increasing the number and the quality of new products. In addition, the company needs to find ways of raising the entry barriers for the fresh and upcoming competition. Another need the report identified was the need to revamp RD activities at the company to bolster its product range and to improve its standing among competitors. A number of specific IT based projects that can help the company to achieve its strategic objectives. The projects include the implementation of an enterprise resource planning system, creation of a company intranet, consolidation of datacenters and networks, standardization of server hardware, improvement of group support systems, creation of a customer self service portal, and the implementation of a new supply chain management software.Advertising Looking for case study on it? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to decide on the most appropriate set of projects to work on, there is need to revisit the basic problems bedeviling the company and their impact on the business. The first problem in the company is the high cost of production in most of its manufacturing plants because of a poor supply chain. There is a very weak order processing system, both for inputs to the company’s plants and outputs to clients. Secondly, there is need to improve information flow to all employees to ensure that they can make decision quick enough. Currently, information flow is a major impediment to the work of section managers. Thirdly, the company is under increasing threat from new entrants to the market, and smaller operators with better efficiencies in their operations. Most of these problems have brought greater internal costs that hamper the efficient operations of the company. The appropriate set of solutions, based on the compan y’s strategic objectives, should solve as many of these problems as possible. The solution needs to be easy to deploy and maintain in the long term. The perfect solution will also rely on existing technologies, or will require minimum investment in proprietary technologies. Table 1 below shows how the specific projects discussed above measure up against this criterion. Project Name Reducing the cost of production Improving information flow to all employees Ease of deployment and maintenance Total Enterprise resource planning 5 1 3 9 Creation of a company intranet 4 5 3 12 Consolidation of data centers and networks 4 5 4 13 Standardization of server hardware 2 4 2 8 Improvement of group support systems 4 4 3 11 Creations of a customer self service portal 4 1 4 9 Implementation of a supply chain management software 5 4 2 11 Scale: 1-least impact, 5 most impact Table 1: Analysis of the projects based on their impact on the strategic objectives The analysis above shows that the most beneficial projects in an overall sense are creation of a company intranet, consolidation of data centers and networks, improvement of group support systems and the implementation of a supply chain management software. However, the best portfolio of projects will be the ones that create the most value for the company across various criteria. This means that the best way to approach this problem is to identify the best collection of projects that answer the problems of the company in the most effective and complete fashion, and which at the same time ranks well under ease of deployment and maintenance.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Information Technology Changes in Business: Strategic IT analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are two optimum options for reducing the cost of production in the company. The first one is the use of enterprise resource planning while the secon d one is the implementation of supply chain management software. The two options promise to increase the efficiency of the supply chain. They are both capable of improving the business processes at the company by providing a way to approach the bottlenecks in the supply chain. The important issue to determine is the overall benefits that the company will derive if it implements either of the systems. The enterprise resource-planning project will allocate the resources of the firm in the most efficient manner while the supply chain management project, will ensure that there is a smooth flow of supplies leading to reduced production prices. In the matter of improving information flow to the employees, the highest ranked projects are the creation of a company intranet and the consolidation of data centers. An intranet will ensure that there is a proprietary link in the entire company such that managers and decision makers can access information they need from another part of the compan y without undue delay. This can improve the quality of decisions and the speed of implementation of business projects. Consolidation of data centers on the other hand will also centralize information. This will make it possible for managers to access the information they need using the legacy systems in use now. The advantage of this system is that it will use most of the current infrastructure thereby reducing the need for fresh IT investments. In the long term, there would be need to improve the methods of access but as things stand, it is the best solution for making information available. Evaluation of Projects The above analysis notwithstanding, there is further need to analyze the projects using the portfolio application matrix. The matrix features two main criteria. The first criterion is the ability to succeed or the degree of risk inherent in the project while the second one is the value the project brings to the business. Each of the two scales goes from zero to one hundre d. Table 2 below shows that values obtained from analyzing these two criteria against the projects listed for this strategic initiative. Likelihood of success Value to business A Enterprise resource planning 60 69 B Creation of a company intranet 77 64 C Consolidation of data centers and networks 75 59 D Standardization of server hardware 49 45 E Improvement of group support systems 67 73 F Creation of a customer self service portal 69 87 G Implementation of a supply chain management software 53 87 Table 2: Estimated values for the different projects in the product matrixAdvertising Looking for case study on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The next step after determining the percentage of each of the variables for each project the next task is comparing the values obtained for each of these projects against the portfolio application matrix. Table 3: Portfolio application matrix The matrix assigns the projects to four possible areas as shown in figure three below. Most of the projects lay in the top left section of the graph. The table shows that most of the projects have a high-risk status but they also promise the highest value for the business. There is only one project in the first quadrant that has moderate risk and moderate returns for the company. This is the standardization of the hardware server. The implementation of supply chain management software will yield the highest level of reward from among the projects, with a matrix score of 87%. This, on the other hand, has a success rate of just 53% showing that it is among the riskiest projects proposed. In this sense, the company has to make a decision on wheth er this is the best project to implement based on these characteristics. The company’s supply chain is the weakest link in the entire business systems. There are delays in delivery of raw materials, and significant delays in the supply of finished products to the clients. These facts support the findings on the matrix. The opportunity available to reduce the risks associated with implementing new supply chain management software is breakdown of the project into smaller parts to reduce the risk of implementing a whole system. The second significant project from the portfolio examined is the development of a customer service portal. The project scored highly on customer service. It can help the company to reduce the losses it takes because of poor customer service. It means that both old and new customers will have a better experience with the company, making it a key element of the projects. The case study revealed the likelihood that the company’s loss of clients came about because of poor customer service among other factors. It is interesting to note that element did not make it to the final list of projects proposed for further development in the initial analysis. It however came through as one that would be easy to implement hence it can form part of the projects that build momentum for the exercise. However, failure to implement it will not be a significant setback provided the rest of the issues that constitute customer service receive attention. Enterprise resource planning is also an important project given that it has a relatively high reward ratio as per the project matrix. This is a project with some risk to it because of its scope. It can also benefit from risk reduction measures such as breaking it down into phases to reduce the risk elements. If there is a glaring lack of institutional systems at the company, then it is the lack of an enterprise resource planning system. The presence of this system would have reduced the probability of making losses by a large margin. Enterprise resource planning systems help an enterprise to allocate its resources, human, financial, and technical, in the most efficient way. It has a real potential of reducing the problems currently affecting the performance of the company. The issue of standardization of server hardware is an opportunity to develop a robust system and can be the source of competitive advantages in the future. Currently, it is possible to use the existing hardware but it will call for the development of different software solutions for each unique platform that runs the common protocols. Standard hardware should make it easy to implement new protocols in all the servers hence it will give the company an increased opportunity to adapt to changes. Sequence of Executing the Initiatives In the end analysis, the projects that should make it to the final list include the supply chain management software. Since the value of this system reduces the overall new benefit s that the company can derive from instituting an enterprise resource planning system, its implementation should be on priority basis at the expense of the enterprise resource planning system. Secondly, the implementation of group support systems will improve the cooperation between departments, which is also the same effect that creation of a company intranet will yield. Since there are systems that can support this initiative, it makes sense to develop those systems as part of the first efforts aiming to deal with the strategic issues. There is some potential benefit in implementing a customer service portal, but its significance reduces with the implementation of the two systems above. Conclusion The role of management in the planning and investing in IT products is critical. However, there is a significant risk of failure to respond to issue in time leading to the nature of problems discussed in the case study. IT has a special place in supporting the strategic goals of any orga nization. It is imperative to align IT resources with the overall strategy of the company. Furthermore, IT has the capacity to enhance the competitive advantage of a company that invests in systems that increase the efficiency of operations. That said it is important to determine IT priorities with the help of the IT department because of their capacity to weigh the relative weight of the investment decisions, and the potential impact of IT on the operations of the project. This case study on Information Technology Changes in Business: Strategic IT analysis was written and submitted by user Tiana Morris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Information Technology changes in Business Strategic IT analysis Introduction The MCDM (medical device contract manufacturing) Inc was established in 1972. The firm is involved in â€Å"contract manufacturing and packaging services of the medical devices industry† (Jeffery and Norton 2).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Information Technology changes in Business: Strategic IT analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has its headquarters in the United States, although it operates other 19 subsidiaries in 35 cities. The company â€Å"specializes in medical device contract and manufacturing and assembly, clean room medical injection molding, and design and fabrication of specialty assembly equipment for medical device manufactures† (Jeffery and Norton 2). In the 1980s, the firm was among the largest corporations in the industry owing to its success in manufacturing medical devices and customer satisfaction. The company promised to offer more to its target market in comparison with its competitors. In 1974, MDCM held 42 percent of the U.S market share and by 1985, it had grown to over 54 percent (Jeffery and Norton 3). The company’s success was boosted by small business acquisitions leading to consolidation and further expansion in the US market. Between 1989 and 1990, MDCM lost its major four out of ten consumers and as a result, the company witnessed a massive decline in profits and revenues. Profit margins began to fall as a result of buyers’ consolidation. The firm’s pricing power was lost as it could no longer compete with other players in the industry on pricing strategy. The company’s market share and profits continued to decline up to 2000 when the management decided to make modifications to reduce internal costs, increase the flow of information, and increase its efficiency. The adoption of information technology enables an organization to cut down its operational and internal costs. Consequ ently, opportunities are realized in three major ways which are business/organization portfolio, competitiveness, and internal costs. Briefly, competiveness means the extra advantage associated with the development of IT leading to a competitive advantage. Internal costs imply the process of improving effectiveness and efficiency of a company thus cutting down costs. Lastly, business portfolio refers to the adoption of IT and its influence on the decision making process of potential investors.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategic objectives of MDCM Based on the case study, the current strategic goals of MDCM are to cut down its operational costs, make information available to different departments in real-time, increase market share, be a market leader of the industry, and reduce internal costs (Jeffery and Norton 1-5). At the moment, the primary strategic objectiv e of MDCM Inc is to cut down the production costs incurred in the process of producing medical merchandise. The case study highlights that reduced costs could be achieved through internal costs as some of the problems noted result from internal environment. For example, the company lacks a proper network system which could be used to connect all the 19 subsidiaries in 35 countries. This has resulted in increased operational costs (Jeffery and Norton 3). The firm’s operating system is outdated and it causes delays in relaying information to the MDCM employees. Lastly, the company lacks a standardized and proper email system that can be used to communicate with its employees. The legacy of the current system increases administration costs such as duty, financial, custom sales, and inspection systems. The other noted strategic objective is to increase its market plan and go global through internationalization and globalization. It is important to note that at one point, the comp any was the largest market shareholder in the medical services industry (Jeffery and Norton 2), but this has since declined. The company once had a market share of 54 percent but due to a decline in its competitive advantage the share decreased (Jeffery and Norton 3). Due to the aforementioned reasons, the company is planning to increase its market share and going global in order to realize market diversification. The company has the strategic objective of becoming a market leader in a market that it once dominated. The company is therefore on a mission to realize the benefits associated with investing in the IT sector in order to add value, increase profits, and expand its market share (Jeffery and Norton 8). Competitive environment in which the firm operates (a competitive forces analysis) MDCM operates in a competitive industry whereby the company is involved in contract manufacturing and packaging services of medical devices (Jeffery and Norton 2). However, in the past four quar ters, the company has been reporting losses. In a competitive market like the medical devices industry, making such losses could be detrimental to a company in the long run. To better determine the competitive environment in which the DCM firm operates, Michael Porter’s 5 competitive forces of market analysis have been adopted. The five forces include presence of potential entrants, presence of perfect substitutes, traditional competitors, suppliers, and bargaining power of buyers/consumers (Porter 12). The forces are presented in the diagram below.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Information Technology changes in Business: Strategic IT analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1: Porter’s 5-Forces Model (Source: Porter 2008) the medical service industry is a multi-million dollar industry with many competitors. Based on the case study, MDCM used to be the largest player in the industry with 42% market share in 1974. By 1985, the company’s market share had increased to 54% (Jeffery and Norton 3). However, since the 1990s, the company has witnessed a drastic decline in its market share and profitability, thanks in large part to new entrants in the industry. Based on the case study, the company was unable to compete with the prices set by new entrants and rivals. Threat of potential substitute’s products/services: because of the decline in market share and increased cost of producing merchandise, MDCM is prone to potential threat from substitute products and services. The threat has the potential of reducing the company’s competitive advantage relative to its competitors. Traditional rivals: MDCM operates in a competitive market made up of traditional rivals in the US market. These rivals are a real threat to the survival of the firm. Traditional rivals have the capacity of getting MDCM out of business if the company does not undertake a strateg ic response to counter their moves. It is important therefore for the organization to address this issue. The three threats discussed above have the highest potential of affecting MDCM although the bargaining power of both buyers and suppliers have potential effects as well.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The strategic response(s) MDCM should employ to address the most critical strategic threats identified above The three threats mentioned above (that is, traditional rivalry, threats from near entrants, and threats from potential products and services substitutes) need to be addressed if at all the organization wishes to achieve its organizational objectives. The strategic response for new entrants in the market could be addressed by raising the barriers to entry. For example, MDCM could get copyrights and patents for most of its invention and discoveries, thereby prohibiting new entrants in the market. In addition, the firm needs to invest more on information technology to ensure information flows freely from marketers in the field to the production departments. This would ensure that new entrants are discouraged from entering the market as there are no loopholes to take advantage of. The response to customers and suppliers bargaining power could be addressed by switching the costs for the consumer. Switching costs can be defined as the costs resulting from moving from one particular supplier to another supplier with quality services and at low costs. Through a value added IS the cost that would be used to identify a new supplier would be increased hence retaining the existing consumer and supplier. This would suppress the suppliers’ and consumers’ bargaining power. On the other hand, by reducing the switching costs, the organization would be in a position to attract new suppliers. The newly attracted supplier may have better supplier costs making them cost effective than the former suppliers. As a result, the low costs of suppliers would give the organization a competitive advantage in the market. Reduced costs and an increase in competitive advantage would enable the organization to start gaining strength and market share. To prevent the presence of substitute products and services in the market, the organization should consider investing in re search and development. For example, the adoption of the new IT would ensure that the company produces more competitive products thus gaining competitive advantage over its rivals and competitors. This will ensure that the organization is not threatened by the production of potential product substitutes from competitors. Critical tactical objectives for MDCM MDCM should also consider using tactical responses as they would assist the organization to achieve different strategic goals. At the moment, the major tactical objectives of MDCM are increase the switching costs for the consumer, reduce the switching cost of the consumer, produce innovative products, raise the entry barriers, and invest in IT, and R D. To start with, MDCM needs to work on its value chain and improve the value added chain. By adopting IT, the company will be able to improve on its supply chain management, and hence added value chain. In order for the company to achieve competitive advantage over its competitors , it needs to add value to its chain and this would entail better customer care, improved order procession and enquiry, and increased efficiency of these processes. The switching costs can only be influenced through value addition to the company’s product by improving consumers’ and supplier links. The adoption of the anticipated IT would also enable the company to benefit from an increase in consumer switching cost and at the same time, reduce the firms’ supplier switching costs. For instance, the adoption on new IT system would enhance communication greatly. As a result, the company will gain a competitive edge in the market relative to its rivals. Moreover, by enhancing the link between suppliers and consumers, this would enable the company to reduce expenses incurred and at the same time, lower the cost of production. The five forces of Porter could be used to improve the competitive advantage. IT could be used contain the power of new entrants, substitution threat competition, power of supplier, and power of the buyer. The organization can also share data and information with the different subsidiaries and this would enable it to improve the services and products offered to consumers. To start with, this would make it easier to share and respond to inquiries. In addition, the quality of products would also be improved. Furthermore, it would also be easier to share information across different subsidiaries thereby reducing the production cost. By producing innovative products, the firm would gain a competitive advantage. The company can be able to achieve this goal by embracing R D as well as data technology. The innovative products would shield the organization from product substitution threats and decrease the level of rivalry from traditional competitors. By adopting new technology, MDCM will be in a position to identify new suppliers in the market with lower supply costs. The company will also realize a decrease in its expenses su ch as production and internal costs and as a result, the firm could gain a competitive advantage over its rivals in the industry. By switching costs through reduction of the firms’ expenses, the firm would in effect increase its competitive advantage. The organization can cooperate with its rivals though a shared IT system. This would encourage the company to gain price power over buyers thus reducing the buyers bargaining power and improve the price of selling its products. Through cooperation, the company will be able to enjoy high prices thus maximizing on its profits. The adoption of a value added information technology by MDCM will lead to an increase in consumer switching costs. With high consumer switching costs, consumers will be prohibited from switching from one supplier to another thus cutting down the purchasing power of its suppliers thus gaining a competitive advantage. As seen in the case study, the major strategic objective of MDCM is to cut down its productio n costs to manageable levels. Through the introduction of IT, the firm will be able to reduce its administration costs has the firm will not be required to hire more employees to carry out some of the tasks (Tetteh 984). Therefore, substitution of IT for labour will ensure that that production and labor costs are reduced to manageable levels. In addition, the work will be effectively performed and geared towards the realization of the organization strategic goals. Conclusion In conclusion, MDCM has been experiencing a decline in market share and profit margins, and this calls for the adoption of IT to cut down on its costs and increase production. Some of the major strategic objectives identified in the case include reducing operational costs, becoming a market leader, going global, and reducing its internal costs. An alignment of the corporate strategies with the IT objectives would help in the realization of these strategic objectives. In addition, the adoption of IT could lead to value added value chain, thereby helping the organization gain a competitive advantage. An analysis of Porter’s five forces reveals that MDCM is in a position to determine how to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. Some of the solutions identified include increasing and decreasing the supplier and consumer switching costs. Others include raising entry barriers, cooperating with rivals, producing product innovation, substituting labor for IT, and sharing information across the subsidiaries. Works Cited Jeffery, Mark and Joseph F. Norton. MDCM, Inc. (A): It Strategy Synchronization. Harvard Business, 2006, 1-9. Print. Porter, Michael. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business  Review, 86.1(2008):78-93. Print. Tetteh, Emmanuel. From Business Networks to Virtual Organisation: A Strategic  Approach to Business Environment Transformation in Online Small and Medium  sized Enterprises. 1999. Web. This case study on Information Technology changes in Business: Strategic IT analysis was written and submitted by user Madelyn Miranda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy

Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy Snapple is an American soft drink company that ensures it has an effective product strategy: the strategy ensures that the company comes up with products that are competitive and responsive to the needs of the customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company makes brands of different flavors depending with the target market; some of the products include juice of different flavors, tea drinks, water, diet drinks, and fresh squeeze among others. The driving force to buying a certain product is the target market that the products are aimed at selling to. To come up with the products, the company engages in massive products and market research (Snapple Official Website). The main change that should be made in the company’s products is the packaging that they use: most of the products have been packed on plastic material that destroys the e nvironment; with the decomposition rate of plastics, when they have been deposited, they pollute the environment. The company should look for paper packaging material (when using paper concentration should be on recycled paper material), they will be less polluting. Snapple can be said to have a strong brand name across the markets it operates in, despite the competition in the soft drinks company, the company has been able to command an increasing market share and in the future its markets are likely to improve even further. When faced with an issue that can challenge the growth of its brand, the company is quick to react and change the ill move. The company can increase its markets further if it can have some low alcoholic products alongside the main line. The strategy will be a move of brand extension strategy: to get into the market, the company should make use of the strength of the current brand to persuade people adopt and embrace the new products (Monroe 63).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pricing strategy The company uses a premium pricing model; the products can be said to be slightly higher than the average price of commodities in the industry. The reason why they have adopted the method is because of the strength of the brand. It has high quality products that can command a higher market than the others; when using the method, the company targets the working class and the high class members of the society. Premium pricing model is a strategic pricing model where the company rests on it strength in the market as well as the quality it offers. Since 1972, when the country was incorporated, they have developed unique products designs and they can blend sweet flavors to increase the market. When pricing the products, the company looks into the costs incurred, the profit margin as well as the costs sold by other companies in the same industry. After noting the average price in the market, the company’s marketing team then adds a margin that represents the premium as required by premium pricing strategy. The pricing method gives a higher return to the company but makes the products not affordable by the less fortunate in the society. The company should looks into the pricing approach that it is using; the current approach is locking the less fortunate in the society to afford the products. It should start taking use of economies of scale that it currently enjoys; with the current rate of economies of scale, the company can have some quality flavored products at a lower price (Kotler and Armstrong 263). Kotler, Philip, and Armstrong Gary. Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Monroe, Kent. The Pricing Strategy Audit. Cambridge: Cambridge Strategy Publications, 2003. Print. Snapple Official Website. Snapple. 2011. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Shelf Life of Chlorine Bleach and How to Maximize It

Shelf Life of Chlorine Bleach and How to Maximize It Bleach is one of those household chemicals that loses its activity over time. It doesnt matter whether or not the bleach container has been opened or not. Temperature is the primary factor affecting how long bleach remains active. According to Cloroxâ„ ¢, the amount of hypochlorite that is added to their bleach depends on the season in which it is manufactured, because temperature affects the decomposition rate of sodium hypochlorite. So, more hypochlorite is added to bleach made in the summer than in cooler months. Clorox aims to maintain a 6% hypochlorite concentration for at least six months after the manufacturing date, assuming the bleach is stored around 70Â °F. It takes about 4-8 weeks from the time chlorine bleach is made to when it gets to a store so that you can buy it to take home. This leaves you 3-5 months where the bleach is at the effectiveness level stated on its label. Does this mean bleach is useless after 3-5 months? No, because you probably dont need 6% hypochlorite for laundry and home disinfection. The 6% hypochlorite level is an EPA disinfection standard. If you store your bleach where it can get warmer than 70Â °F, like 90Â °F, the bleach is still effective for around three months. How Long Is Bleach Good? So, when you buy a bottle of bleach, it has a shelf life. The bleach will be highly effective for around 6 months and fine for home use for around 9 months. Clorox recommends replacing any bottle of bleach that is over a year old. Another way to tell if your bleach is expired is to note its odor. Dont open the bottle and take a whiff! The human sense of smell is sensitive to bleach, so you should be able to smell it as soon as you pour it from its container. If you dont smell any bleach, its likely most of the product has decomposed into salt and water. Replace it with a fresh bottle. Maximizing the Bleach Shelf Life If you want bleach to remain as effective as possible for as long as possible, avoid storing it in extremely hot or freezing conditions. Generally, this means its better to store a bottle of bleach in a cabinet inside the house, which has a relatively stable room temperature, as opposed to a garage or outside storage shed. Bleach is sold in an opaque container. Dont switch it out for a clear container because exposure to light will degrade the chemical more quickly. Like other hazardous chemicals, make sure its kept away from children and pets. Its also a good idea to store bleach away from other household cleaners because it can react with many of them to release toxic fumes.

Reseach methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reseach methods - Essay Example The effect of this is that the focus of the research moves from theory to data. The deductive approach is also a descriptive approach in that it describes facts and illustrates theories. Deductive research is often applied to questionnaires and the collection of quantitative data which addresses the hypothesis. There are several advantages to deductive reasoning. It is a relatively simply research method to standardise, as it is a highly structured approach based on scientific principles. Furthermore the structured approach means that the researcher does not necessarily need to be highly knowledgeable about the research topic. Most managers are familiar with the deductive approach and therefore are much more likely to put faith in conclusions that are made using it. In addition it is a quick method of gaining data, as the time-consuming aspects of this type of research are mainly in the set-up and data collection phases. This also means that the amount of time needed to invest in the research can be scheduled and predicted relatively easily. All of these things make deductive research low risk in comparison to inductive research. There are also a number of concerns with this approach. Firstly it is important that causal relationships between all variables in the research are explained and defined. Selecting samples of sufficient size is a crucial factor in determining the success of this type of research. The sample must be large enough to generate accurate conclusions that are reliable in all applications of the data. A significant issue with deductive research is in clearly defining abstract concepts. Taking the example of employee morale, it must be defined in terms of level of satisfaction of employees, which is a personal concept and may mean different things to different people. Conducting this type of research means that concepts must be clearly defined to enable accurate responses from research subjects. Lastly, controls must be applied to ensure the validity of the data gained from the research. If the research was in defining levels of employee satisfaction in a particular department, reasons for h igh or low employee moral must be established. For example, the data taken from employees may indicate a relationship between workload and employee salary. This data can then be used to refine the hypothesis of a relationship between workload, employee salary, and morale, and then collect new data for analysis. This may include input from different departments, both to increase sample size and to note the effects of varying workloads or salaries in different departments. This ensures the accuracy of the hypothesis because it takes into account variation of these aspects in different departments. A larger sample size allows further refinement of the hypothesis - for example it may narrow down the hypothesis to focus on young employees, and allow the researcher to pinpoint different effects of low or high morale, such as absenteeism. In this way, an initial hypothesis focusing simply on employee morale can be progressively refined to pinpoint causal relationships that become evident a s the focus of the research narrows. One of the main disadvantages of this type of research is that it relies on subjects to fill and return questionnaires, which may become more difficult to do as sample size

American law enforcement organizations Term Paper

American law enforcement organizations - Term Paper Example Objectives together constitute the main aim of this research. All objectives need to be studied in detail in order to fulfill the aim of this study and to answer the research question. Research design will elaborate on all the methods that have been used during the course of this research. Each objective requires a slightly different research approach and thus for each objective research methods have been used accordingly. Â   Â  There are two main methods of research, primary and secondary. Generally for the research purpose researchers’ start with the secondary data which has been already collected by someone else for some other research purpose. Such data can be used again and again for different research purposes. In this case, research has been conducted mainly using the secondary data. The sources of secondary data that have been used throughout the research include internet articles, reports, books, journals and the official websites of different law enforcement organ izations. Secondary data has an advantage over the primary data collection. Primary data is collected for the first time and may contain some loopholes. In the case of secondary data collection, data has already been collected by another entity and has been used for different research purposes. This provides with a satisfaction that the data available is authentic as it is used by various people for the research purpose. Another advantage of the secondary data is the time restraint. The time period for this research.... Local or state police, federal agencies, national police force, commerce bureaus, trade agencies and criminal justice organizations are some of the law enforcement agencies that form the hub of the state’s disciplinary activities. Law enforcement organizations are like departments and need to be well managed. Poor management of these departments results in poor law enforcement and inefficiency. The world is changing every day and is creating more and more challenges. Law enforcement agencies need to cope with these challenges by remaining up to date with the managerial procedural innovations so that they do not lack on their efficiency. The study focuses on these innovations and how they help in improving the efficiency of the law enforcement organizations. The study will not just discuss about the challenges faced by the law enforcement agencies, but will also ponder over the structural features of these organizations and what causes the law enforcement agencies to fail. The managerial aspect of these agencies will be the main focus. 2. Research Question Are federal law enforcement agencies better than the national law enforcement agencies when it comes to efficiency and meeting the 21st century challenges? 3. Aim and Objectives 2.1Aim The aim of this study is to find out the three most important ways through which the law enforcement organizations can improve on their efficiency. 2.2Objectives 1) The first and foremost objective of this research is to find out the main role of the law enforcement organizations in dealing with the daily affairs of any country. 2) The second objective is to study the challenges faced by these law enforcement organizations in the 21st Century and how do these law enforcement organizations

American law enforcement organizations Term Paper

American law enforcement organizations - Term Paper Example Objectives together constitute the main aim of this research. All objectives need to be studied in detail in order to fulfill the aim of this study and to answer the research question. Research design will elaborate on all the methods that have been used during the course of this research. Each objective requires a slightly different research approach and thus for each objective research methods have been used accordingly. Â   Â  There are two main methods of research, primary and secondary. Generally for the research purpose researchers’ start with the secondary data which has been already collected by someone else for some other research purpose. Such data can be used again and again for different research purposes. In this case, research has been conducted mainly using the secondary data. The sources of secondary data that have been used throughout the research include internet articles, reports, books, journals and the official websites of different law enforcement organ izations. Secondary data has an advantage over the primary data collection. Primary data is collected for the first time and may contain some loopholes. In the case of secondary data collection, data has already been collected by another entity and has been used for different research purposes. This provides with a satisfaction that the data available is authentic as it is used by various people for the research purpose. Another advantage of the secondary data is the time restraint. The time period for this research.... Local or state police, federal agencies, national police force, commerce bureaus, trade agencies and criminal justice organizations are some of the law enforcement agencies that form the hub of the state’s disciplinary activities. Law enforcement organizations are like departments and need to be well managed. Poor management of these departments results in poor law enforcement and inefficiency. The world is changing every day and is creating more and more challenges. Law enforcement agencies need to cope with these challenges by remaining up to date with the managerial procedural innovations so that they do not lack on their efficiency. The study focuses on these innovations and how they help in improving the efficiency of the law enforcement organizations. The study will not just discuss about the challenges faced by the law enforcement agencies, but will also ponder over the structural features of these organizations and what causes the law enforcement agencies to fail. The managerial aspect of these agencies will be the main focus. 2. Research Question Are federal law enforcement agencies better than the national law enforcement agencies when it comes to efficiency and meeting the 21st century challenges? 3. Aim and Objectives 2.1Aim The aim of this study is to find out the three most important ways through which the law enforcement organizations can improve on their efficiency. 2.2Objectives 1) The first and foremost objective of this research is to find out the main role of the law enforcement organizations in dealing with the daily affairs of any country. 2) The second objective is to study the challenges faced by these law enforcement organizations in the 21st Century and how do these law enforcement organizations

American law enforcement organizations Term Paper

American law enforcement organizations - Term Paper Example Objectives together constitute the main aim of this research. All objectives need to be studied in detail in order to fulfill the aim of this study and to answer the research question. Research design will elaborate on all the methods that have been used during the course of this research. Each objective requires a slightly different research approach and thus for each objective research methods have been used accordingly. Â   Â  There are two main methods of research, primary and secondary. Generally for the research purpose researchers’ start with the secondary data which has been already collected by someone else for some other research purpose. Such data can be used again and again for different research purposes. In this case, research has been conducted mainly using the secondary data. The sources of secondary data that have been used throughout the research include internet articles, reports, books, journals and the official websites of different law enforcement organ izations. Secondary data has an advantage over the primary data collection. Primary data is collected for the first time and may contain some loopholes. In the case of secondary data collection, data has already been collected by another entity and has been used for different research purposes. This provides with a satisfaction that the data available is authentic as it is used by various people for the research purpose. Another advantage of the secondary data is the time restraint. The time period for this research.... Local or state police, federal agencies, national police force, commerce bureaus, trade agencies and criminal justice organizations are some of the law enforcement agencies that form the hub of the state’s disciplinary activities. Law enforcement organizations are like departments and need to be well managed. Poor management of these departments results in poor law enforcement and inefficiency. The world is changing every day and is creating more and more challenges. Law enforcement agencies need to cope with these challenges by remaining up to date with the managerial procedural innovations so that they do not lack on their efficiency. The study focuses on these innovations and how they help in improving the efficiency of the law enforcement organizations. The study will not just discuss about the challenges faced by the law enforcement agencies, but will also ponder over the structural features of these organizations and what causes the law enforcement agencies to fail. The managerial aspect of these agencies will be the main focus. 2. Research Question Are federal law enforcement agencies better than the national law enforcement agencies when it comes to efficiency and meeting the 21st century challenges? 3. Aim and Objectives 2.1Aim The aim of this study is to find out the three most important ways through which the law enforcement organizations can improve on their efficiency. 2.2Objectives 1) The first and foremost objective of this research is to find out the main role of the law enforcement organizations in dealing with the daily affairs of any country. 2) The second objective is to study the challenges faced by these law enforcement organizations in the 21st Century and how do these law enforcement organizations

The Purpose of Feathers in Non Avian Dinosaurs

The Purpose of Feathers in Non Avian Dinosaurs There is a significant body of evidence within the scientific community over the past fifteen years to suggest-contrary to depictions in blockbuster movies and mass media-that dinosaurs, both avian and nonavian, had feathers of some sort. Recent spectacular discoveries have suggested that modern day birds are descendents of dinosaurs, suggestions of the origin of such feathers, and the discovery of various types of filamentous fibers and feathers that were prevalent in various species of both avian and nonavian dinosaurs throughout their history. Paradoxically, there is no abundance of research and hypotheses regarding the function these feathers and filamentous fibers had for nonavian theropod dinosaurs throughout history. This paper will be exploring-using existing research-that gap of knowledge and seeking to make an informed hypothesis regarding the purpose of feathers in theropod dinosaurs. More specifically, I will explore the role latitudes played on the presence of feathers i n these creatures. Before one can talk at length about feathers, we must define what feathers are and more specifically, what we define as feathers in relation to dinosaurs. In their paper titled, The Early Evolution of Feathers: Fossil Evidence From Cretaceous Amber of France, by Vincent Perrichot et al, they define feathers on dinosaurs as, complex integumental structures of a three-level branched structure composed of a rachis (primary shaft), barbs (secondary branches) and barbules (tertiary branches) (Vincent Perrichot et al. 1). Paleontologists report finding filamentous fibers as well as true feathers on various species of dinosaurs from various epochs. In a recent study done by Xing Xu et al, An Integrative Approach to Understanding Bird Origins, Xu cites, numerous specimens of most theropod groups and even three ornithischian groups preserving feathers have been recovered from the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds of northeastern China and from the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds of Germany, Russia, a nd Canada. (Xu et al 6). According to Prado et. al., in their study, New Occurrences of Fossilized Feathers: Systematics and Taphonomy of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil, Feathers are the most complex integuments of vertebrates, due to their variety of forms and roles. This structure is responsible for the thermoregulation, display, protection against radiation, toxicity, buoyancy and even to produce sound (Prado et al 1). Experts have even found feathers in the form of bristle scales an intermediary character between scales and feathers, placodes, follicles, scales attached to the epidermis of the fossil, and in many other forms on all types of dinosaurs. With an understanding of how scientists today define feathers and where they have been found on dinosaurs, we can begin to explore what the existing hypotheses are regarding their purpose when found on nonavian dinosaurs. Christopher Dimond et al, in a study exploring the visual cues behind adaptive feathers in nonavian dinosaurs states, The three predominant hypotheses are 1) flight, 2) thermoregulation, and 3) visual display (Dimond et al 1). Additionally, Dimonds study cites other sources that hypothesize feathers could have been used for, insulation, water repellency, courtship, camouflage and defense (Prum and Brush, 2003), parental care and brooding (Clarke and Middleton, 2006; Grellet-Tinner, 2006), shielding nests (Turner et al., 2007), flight or lift while running (Dial et al., 2006), and male-to-male competition (Cowen and Lipps, 1982). (Dimond et al 1). While all these hypotheses have been thoroughly researched and written about, I hypothesize that the major determining fa ctor regarding the presence or absence of feathers in nonavian dinosaurs throughout history is the latitude in which the dinosaur lived. Nonavian theropod dinosaurs are known to have lived from the Late Triassic through the end of the Cretaceous. In A Review of Mesozoic Climates, Anthony Hallam definitively states, there is overwhelming evidence, based on the distribution of distinctive sediments and fossils and oxygen isotope data, that the climate of the Mesozoic world was appreciably more equable than that of today (Hallam 1). With Hallams findings in mind, it can be assumed that even in the tropical hot earth world many scientists have described, nonavian dinosaurs might have needed feathers for colder nights and periods of darkness for insulation. Smaller species, that would require insulation for survival are an obvious hypothesis as to the types of fossils found, but in another study done by Xing Xu et al, they postulate that Yutyrannus huali [a new gigantic basal tyrannosauroid] bears long filamentous feathers, thus providing direct evidence for the presence of extensively feathered gigantic dinosaurs and offering new insights into early feather evolution (Xu et al. 1). Found in China, Y hualis longer filamentous feathers could have been an adaptation to a much colder environment than the rest of the planet. Xu further explains, Most gigantic Late Cretaceous tyrannosauroids, by contrast, lived in a warm climate that was conducive to the loss of an extensive insulative feathery covering, although popul ations inhabiting cold environments such as the land that is now Alaska would have been a notable exception (Xu et al. 1). Xus findings concur our previous misconceptions that dinosaurs didnt have feathers or filamentous structures. Why, for so long did we believe this to not be so? Until the first dinosaur fossil with a feather like structure attached was discovered in Brazil almost thirty years ago, humans and popular culture portrayed dinosaurs as reptilian. Leathery skin, sometimes scaly, sometimes not, Dinosaurs appearance has varied little over the course of human study until the very recent future. The reason for this disparity in scientific reporting was due to how difficult it is to find a fossil that preserves both the bone as well as the filamentous integument attached. The soil conditions upon death have to have been just right in order for preservation of this type to occur. Prado argues, Because feathers are very delicate features, they rarely survive the physicochemical process that follow their burial. Thus, they are usually found as: (i) carbonized and iron traces, (ii) inclusions in ambers and coprolites, (iii) and as imprints (Prado et al 1). Many of the most well preserved fossils with feather integuments still attached have been found in amb er deposits recently, often perfectly preserving the skin attached to the feather. This can occur in a few circumstances. According to Prados research on feathers found at the Crato Fossil Bed in Brazil, the Crato Member was laid down under clear and relatively shallow waters during an arid and dry climate, where the carbonate sediments were deposited in a low energetic input with formation of halite and anhydrite minerals (Prado et al. 1). An alternative suggestion by David Martill and Gunter Bechly in their work, The Crato Fossil Beds: A Window into the Ancient World, argue once an anoxic and hypersaline bottom water body was established, the organic matter produced in the surface waters was no longer broken down by heterotrophic bacteria accumulated in the sediment (Martill 60). Due to the fragility of the structure of a feather or filamentous structure, conditions had to be just right to ensure preservation. Due to the conditions in which these fossils must be preserved, there can be a case made for why they are only found so well preserved in the locations above. The hypothesis above that mostly all dinosaurs had some type of filamentous coating could still hold true as the locations in which they have been found are not ideal for feather preservation. It appears that in order for a feather integument to be preserved, the conditions in which the initial preservation occurred and where the fossil migrated to must be precise. Prado cites, that lithology itself may not be a sure factor for skin preservation dinosaurs, it may be an important factor, and perhaps decisive, factor in feather preservation (Prado et al 1). While there is a great amount of literature on lithology, what remains to be talked about is lithology with specific reference to geography. My hypothesis tends to focus on the importance of latitudes to explain why certain types of dinosaurs contained feathers, but another im portant factor to consider is the speed of burial near riverine environments. Hadrosaurids could provide a window into this phenomena. Mary Higby Schweizer, in her paper Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates, argues, it could be that hadrosaurids were more likely to preserve skin than other dinosaurs because, during life, hadrosaurids preferred an environment conducive to rapid burial and preservation of soft tissues (Wegweiser et al. 2006). This is a fascinating argument, as it brings to light a host of various factors that could potentially cause the feathers on other species of dinosaurs to not be preserved. Essentially, if a dinosaurs natural environment was not conducive to a perfect fossilization of delicate integumentary structures, these records would be lost forever in nature. Christopher Dimond et al, in their paper, Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods, claims that initial forms of feathers in theropod dinosaurs were mainly utilized to signal. Whether it was sexual signaling for mating, deterrence of predators, or camouflage while hunting, these feathers served the purpose of sending a message to a receiver. Throughout the paper, Dimond posits that feathers in theropods were utilized to trigger a behavioral response in the receiver (Dimond et al 2011). While they do not rule out feathers for thermoregulation in theropods, their focus on visual display as an adaptive feature is marvel. While I agree with their position that signaling could have been an ancestral form of feathers in these types of dinosaurs, I believe that the main purpose for filamentous integuments on these types of dinosaurs was for thermoregulation in a climate that vastly varied in temperature. Even today, which by and large is considered to be colder, the variation in temperature on a given day-even in the tropics-is enough to make a hairless creature rapidly lose body heat. This loss of body heat in an environment less forgiving than a tropical one might have spurred an adaptation such as feathers over the course of history. The study of dinosaurs is ever evolving as our technological ability to analyze every aspect of their world grows by the day. Specifically, when studying feathers and filamentous integuments, our technology has caught up recently enough to detect the most minute details that for years, we were unable to identify. This has provided the scientific community with a window into what I believe, is a common character in nearly all dinosaurs-similar to mammals today. Just as in mammalia, dinosaurs adapted over millions of years to be as fit as possible for their respective environments and for the changes occurring on Earth at the time. Our ability to detect these adaptations, while much improved, is mainly contingent upon the environment in which they are interred. With the advent of new technology, science will continue to explore the relationship between feathers in theropods and similar dinosaurs and the latitudes in which they cohabitated. WORKS CITED Dimond, Christopher C., Robert J. Cabin, and Janie S. Brooks. Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods. Bios 82.3 (2011): 58-63. Web. Hallam, Anthony . A Review of Mesozoic Climate. Journal of the Geological Society of London 142.3 (1985): 433-55. Web. Martill, David M. The Crato fossil beds of brazil: window into an ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2011. Print. Prado GMEM, Anelli LE, Petri S, Romero GR. (2016) New occurrences of fossilized feathers: systematics and taphonomy of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil. PeerJ 4:e1916 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1916 Perrichot, Vincent et al. The Early Evolution of Feathers: Fossil Evidence from Cretaceous Amber of France. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275.1639 (2008): 1197-1202. PMC. Web. 22 Mar. 2017. Schweitzer, Mary Higby. Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 39.1 (2011): 187-216. Web. Xu, X., Z. Zhou, R. Dudley, S. Mackem, C.-M. Chuong, G. M. Erickson, and D. J. Varricchio. An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. Science346.6215 (2014): 1253293. Web.

Cry, The Beloved Country Commentary Essay

And now for all the people of Africa, the beloved country. Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika, God save Africa. But he would not see that salvation. It lay afar off, because men were afraid of it. Because, to tell the truth, they were afraid of him, and his wife, and Msimangu, and the young demonstrator. And what was there evil in their desires, in their hunger? That man should walk upright in the land where they were born, and be free to use the fruits of the earth, what was there evil in it? Yet men were afraid, with a fear that was deep, deep in the heart, a fear so deep that they hid their kindness, or brought it our with fierceness and anger, and hit it behind fierce and frowning eyes They were afraid because they were so few. And such fear could not be cast out, but by love. (310-311) Christianity plays a pivotal role in Paton’s Cry, The Beloved Country. Kumalo struggles throughout the story with his beliefs, having his religion shaken by what he sees in Johannesburg. More importantly, the entire plot revolves around the injustices Christianity has brought to South Africa and how it has turned wrong in the hands of white people. However, Kumalo notes that at the end of the book, Christianity is bringing fear to people, and this fear becomes the bases for the prejudice against blacks. This story is furthermore about a relationship between father and son. Because of Kumalo’s knowledgeable idea, the realization that it will be awhile before people are going to be able to love instead of fear, and the relationship told throughout the story, I believe Paton is aiming to create a Messiah like figure with Absalom. The father understands why Absalom’s death is so important to society; however, society does not and continues to be ruthless. However, Absalom’s death is significant in the fact that it stands for the injustice between the white and blacks in South Africa. Much like Jesus died for our sins, Absalom dies for the injustice. Furthermore, his father is the only one that seems to see why his death is in important for the growth of a nation. Even though Absalom is far from the epitome of morality, he dies for a nation.

The Sabarnes-Oxley Act and PCAOB Essay - 727 Words

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Essay about Guns and Violence - 610 Words

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