The Purpose of Feathers in Non Avian Dinosaurs

The Purpose of Feathers in Non Avian Dinosaurs There is a significant body of evidence within the scientific community over the past fifteen years to suggest-contrary to depictions in blockbuster movies and mass media-that dinosaurs, both avian and nonavian, had feathers of some sort. Recent spectacular discoveries have suggested that modern day birds are descendents of dinosaurs, suggestions of the origin of such feathers, and the discovery of various types of filamentous fibers and feathers that were prevalent in various species of both avian and nonavian dinosaurs throughout their history. Paradoxically, there is no abundance of research and hypotheses regarding the function these feathers and filamentous fibers had for nonavian theropod dinosaurs throughout history. This paper will be exploring-using existing research-that gap of knowledge and seeking to make an informed hypothesis regarding the purpose of feathers in theropod dinosaurs. More specifically, I will explore the role latitudes played on the presence of feathers i n these creatures. Before one can talk at length about feathers, we must define what feathers are and more specifically, what we define as feathers in relation to dinosaurs. In their paper titled, The Early Evolution of Feathers: Fossil Evidence From Cretaceous Amber of France, by Vincent Perrichot et al, they define feathers on dinosaurs as, complex integumental structures of a three-level branched structure composed of a rachis (primary shaft), barbs (secondary branches) and barbules (tertiary branches) (Vincent Perrichot et al. 1). Paleontologists report finding filamentous fibers as well as true feathers on various species of dinosaurs from various epochs. In a recent study done by Xing Xu et al, An Integrative Approach to Understanding Bird Origins, Xu cites, numerous specimens of most theropod groups and even three ornithischian groups preserving feathers have been recovered from the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds of northeastern China and from the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds of Germany, Russia, a nd Canada. (Xu et al 6). According to Prado et. al., in their study, New Occurrences of Fossilized Feathers: Systematics and Taphonomy of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil, Feathers are the most complex integuments of vertebrates, due to their variety of forms and roles. This structure is responsible for the thermoregulation, display, protection against radiation, toxicity, buoyancy and even to produce sound (Prado et al 1). Experts have even found feathers in the form of bristle scales an intermediary character between scales and feathers, placodes, follicles, scales attached to the epidermis of the fossil, and in many other forms on all types of dinosaurs. With an understanding of how scientists today define feathers and where they have been found on dinosaurs, we can begin to explore what the existing hypotheses are regarding their purpose when found on nonavian dinosaurs. Christopher Dimond et al, in a study exploring the visual cues behind adaptive feathers in nonavian dinosaurs states, The three predominant hypotheses are 1) flight, 2) thermoregulation, and 3) visual display (Dimond et al 1). Additionally, Dimonds study cites other sources that hypothesize feathers could have been used for, insulation, water repellency, courtship, camouflage and defense (Prum and Brush, 2003), parental care and brooding (Clarke and Middleton, 2006; Grellet-Tinner, 2006), shielding nests (Turner et al., 2007), flight or lift while running (Dial et al., 2006), and male-to-male competition (Cowen and Lipps, 1982). (Dimond et al 1). While all these hypotheses have been thoroughly researched and written about, I hypothesize that the major determining fa ctor regarding the presence or absence of feathers in nonavian dinosaurs throughout history is the latitude in which the dinosaur lived. Nonavian theropod dinosaurs are known to have lived from the Late Triassic through the end of the Cretaceous. In A Review of Mesozoic Climates, Anthony Hallam definitively states, there is overwhelming evidence, based on the distribution of distinctive sediments and fossils and oxygen isotope data, that the climate of the Mesozoic world was appreciably more equable than that of today (Hallam 1). With Hallams findings in mind, it can be assumed that even in the tropical hot earth world many scientists have described, nonavian dinosaurs might have needed feathers for colder nights and periods of darkness for insulation. Smaller species, that would require insulation for survival are an obvious hypothesis as to the types of fossils found, but in another study done by Xing Xu et al, they postulate that Yutyrannus huali [a new gigantic basal tyrannosauroid] bears long filamentous feathers, thus providing direct evidence for the presence of extensively feathered gigantic dinosaurs and offering new insights into early feather evolution (Xu et al. 1). Found in China, Y hualis longer filamentous feathers could have been an adaptation to a much colder environment than the rest of the planet. Xu further explains, Most gigantic Late Cretaceous tyrannosauroids, by contrast, lived in a warm climate that was conducive to the loss of an extensive insulative feathery covering, although popul ations inhabiting cold environments such as the land that is now Alaska would have been a notable exception (Xu et al. 1). Xus findings concur our previous misconceptions that dinosaurs didnt have feathers or filamentous structures. Why, for so long did we believe this to not be so? Until the first dinosaur fossil with a feather like structure attached was discovered in Brazil almost thirty years ago, humans and popular culture portrayed dinosaurs as reptilian. Leathery skin, sometimes scaly, sometimes not, Dinosaurs appearance has varied little over the course of human study until the very recent future. The reason for this disparity in scientific reporting was due to how difficult it is to find a fossil that preserves both the bone as well as the filamentous integument attached. The soil conditions upon death have to have been just right in order for preservation of this type to occur. Prado argues, Because feathers are very delicate features, they rarely survive the physicochemical process that follow their burial. Thus, they are usually found as: (i) carbonized and iron traces, (ii) inclusions in ambers and coprolites, (iii) and as imprints (Prado et al 1). Many of the most well preserved fossils with feather integuments still attached have been found in amb er deposits recently, often perfectly preserving the skin attached to the feather. This can occur in a few circumstances. According to Prados research on feathers found at the Crato Fossil Bed in Brazil, the Crato Member was laid down under clear and relatively shallow waters during an arid and dry climate, where the carbonate sediments were deposited in a low energetic input with formation of halite and anhydrite minerals (Prado et al. 1). An alternative suggestion by David Martill and Gunter Bechly in their work, The Crato Fossil Beds: A Window into the Ancient World, argue once an anoxic and hypersaline bottom water body was established, the organic matter produced in the surface waters was no longer broken down by heterotrophic bacteria accumulated in the sediment (Martill 60). Due to the fragility of the structure of a feather or filamentous structure, conditions had to be just right to ensure preservation. Due to the conditions in which these fossils must be preserved, there can be a case made for why they are only found so well preserved in the locations above. The hypothesis above that mostly all dinosaurs had some type of filamentous coating could still hold true as the locations in which they have been found are not ideal for feather preservation. It appears that in order for a feather integument to be preserved, the conditions in which the initial preservation occurred and where the fossil migrated to must be precise. Prado cites, that lithology itself may not be a sure factor for skin preservation dinosaurs, it may be an important factor, and perhaps decisive, factor in feather preservation (Prado et al 1). While there is a great amount of literature on lithology, what remains to be talked about is lithology with specific reference to geography. My hypothesis tends to focus on the importance of latitudes to explain why certain types of dinosaurs contained feathers, but another im portant factor to consider is the speed of burial near riverine environments. Hadrosaurids could provide a window into this phenomena. Mary Higby Schweizer, in her paper Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates, argues, it could be that hadrosaurids were more likely to preserve skin than other dinosaurs because, during life, hadrosaurids preferred an environment conducive to rapid burial and preservation of soft tissues (Wegweiser et al. 2006). This is a fascinating argument, as it brings to light a host of various factors that could potentially cause the feathers on other species of dinosaurs to not be preserved. Essentially, if a dinosaurs natural environment was not conducive to a perfect fossilization of delicate integumentary structures, these records would be lost forever in nature. Christopher Dimond et al, in their paper, Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods, claims that initial forms of feathers in theropod dinosaurs were mainly utilized to signal. Whether it was sexual signaling for mating, deterrence of predators, or camouflage while hunting, these feathers served the purpose of sending a message to a receiver. Throughout the paper, Dimond posits that feathers in theropods were utilized to trigger a behavioral response in the receiver (Dimond et al 2011). While they do not rule out feathers for thermoregulation in theropods, their focus on visual display as an adaptive feature is marvel. While I agree with their position that signaling could have been an ancestral form of feathers in these types of dinosaurs, I believe that the main purpose for filamentous integuments on these types of dinosaurs was for thermoregulation in a climate that vastly varied in temperature. Even today, which by and large is considered to be colder, the variation in temperature on a given day-even in the tropics-is enough to make a hairless creature rapidly lose body heat. This loss of body heat in an environment less forgiving than a tropical one might have spurred an adaptation such as feathers over the course of history. The study of dinosaurs is ever evolving as our technological ability to analyze every aspect of their world grows by the day. Specifically, when studying feathers and filamentous integuments, our technology has caught up recently enough to detect the most minute details that for years, we were unable to identify. This has provided the scientific community with a window into what I believe, is a common character in nearly all dinosaurs-similar to mammals today. Just as in mammalia, dinosaurs adapted over millions of years to be as fit as possible for their respective environments and for the changes occurring on Earth at the time. Our ability to detect these adaptations, while much improved, is mainly contingent upon the environment in which they are interred. With the advent of new technology, science will continue to explore the relationship between feathers in theropods and similar dinosaurs and the latitudes in which they cohabitated. WORKS CITED Dimond, Christopher C., Robert J. Cabin, and Janie S. Brooks. Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods. Bios 82.3 (2011): 58-63. Web. Hallam, Anthony . A Review of Mesozoic Climate. Journal of the Geological Society of London 142.3 (1985): 433-55. Web. Martill, David M. The Crato fossil beds of brazil: window into an ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2011. Print. Prado GMEM, Anelli LE, Petri S, Romero GR. (2016) New occurrences of fossilized feathers: systematics and taphonomy of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil. PeerJ 4:e1916 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1916 Perrichot, Vincent et al. The Early Evolution of Feathers: Fossil Evidence from Cretaceous Amber of France. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275.1639 (2008): 1197-1202. PMC. Web. 22 Mar. 2017. Schweitzer, Mary Higby. Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 39.1 (2011): 187-216. Web. Xu, X., Z. Zhou, R. Dudley, S. Mackem, C.-M. Chuong, G. M. Erickson, and D. J. Varricchio. An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. Science346.6215 (2014): 1253293. Web.

Cry, The Beloved Country Commentary Essay

And now for all the people of Africa, the beloved country. Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika, God save Africa. But he would not see that salvation. It lay afar off, because men were afraid of it. Because, to tell the truth, they were afraid of him, and his wife, and Msimangu, and the young demonstrator. And what was there evil in their desires, in their hunger? That man should walk upright in the land where they were born, and be free to use the fruits of the earth, what was there evil in it? Yet men were afraid, with a fear that was deep, deep in the heart, a fear so deep that they hid their kindness, or brought it our with fierceness and anger, and hit it behind fierce and frowning eyes They were afraid because they were so few. And such fear could not be cast out, but by love. (310-311) Christianity plays a pivotal role in Paton’s Cry, The Beloved Country. Kumalo struggles throughout the story with his beliefs, having his religion shaken by what he sees in Johannesburg. More importantly, the entire plot revolves around the injustices Christianity has brought to South Africa and how it has turned wrong in the hands of white people. However, Kumalo notes that at the end of the book, Christianity is bringing fear to people, and this fear becomes the bases for the prejudice against blacks. This story is furthermore about a relationship between father and son. Because of Kumalo’s knowledgeable idea, the realization that it will be awhile before people are going to be able to love instead of fear, and the relationship told throughout the story, I believe Paton is aiming to create a Messiah like figure with Absalom. The father understands why Absalom’s death is so important to society; however, society does not and continues to be ruthless. However, Absalom’s death is significant in the fact that it stands for the injustice between the white and blacks in South Africa. Much like Jesus died for our sins, Absalom dies for the injustice. Furthermore, his father is the only one that seems to see why his death is in important for the growth of a nation. Even though Absalom is far from the epitome of morality, he dies for a nation.

The Sabarnes-Oxley Act and PCAOB Essay - 727 Words

PCAOB inspects registered public accounting firms to assess compliance with the Sarbanes -Oxley Act , the rules of the Board, the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission , and professional standards in relation to the performance of the firm , issuance of audit reports, and related matters other issuers , brokers and dealers . The Act requires the Board to carry out these inspections annually to companies that regularly provide audit reports for more than 100 issuers and at least every three years for companies that regularly provide audit reports for 100 or less emitters . As required by law, the PCAOB prepares a written report of each inspection and provides , in detail appropriate for the SEC and certain state regulatory†¦show more content†¦The firm’s failure to take due care with regards to goodwill for impairment ,reduction in issuer’s revenue estimate and liquidity issues to evaluate the effects of these events on its assessment of the potential impairment of goodwill. The firm failed to obtain adequate competent evidential matter to support its audit opinion with regards to carrying out audit procedures to test the valuation of issuer’s primary assets. Specifically, it has failed to obtain support for some of the assumptions that it used when developing an estimate of the fair value of inventory. The Firm failed to perform sufficient audit procedures to assess the issuer claim that losses related to securities of the issuer of certain joint venture obligations were not likely, since the signing procedures were limited to management research. The firm also failed to test a significant process that the issuer used as its mechanism to identify impaired inventory and investments because the company failed to prove any significant information used and produced by this process. The Firm did not take due care and show professional scepticism while performing audit procedures pertaining to a sale of a subsidiary of a newly formed entity in which the issuer held a property interest. Specifically, the firm failed to establish the percentage of the issuer of property sold, the suitability of certain adjustments to the costShow MoreRelatedThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Act ) Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesSarbanes Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, is an act passed by U.S. Congress on July 30, 2002. The primary reason was to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporations. The act is commonly known as SOX Act. The act is named after its cosponsors, U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes and U.S. Representative Michael G. Oxley. It mandates strict reforms to improve financial disclosures from corporations and prevent accounting fraud. The Sarbanes Oxley Act is arranged

Essay about Guns and Violence - 610 Words

Preservation of the 2nd Amendment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When our forefathers sat down to write the bill of rights they made ten basic rules or freedoms that all Americans are entitled to. For hundreds of years no one has questioned any of those freedoms, that is until recent years. The second amendment gives Americans the right to bear arms. The purpose of this amendment is to be able to form a militia in order to be able to overthrow a repressive government. In recent years the availability and number of guns in the United States has increased. With the media tracking and recording violence, some Americans have begun to question the 2nd amendment’s relevance. With the spree of school and adolescent shootings over recent years†¦show more content†¦The commercial shows a student wearing baggy pants who then proceeds to pull out a small arsenal out of his pants. Moore’s view is that within fear and insecurity of our culture is profitability. The National Association of School Psychologists released a publication recently called â€Å" Attitudes toward Guns and Violence: A Neglected Factor in Youth Aggression and its Prevention†. This publication conducted a survey to try to figure out the reason for such aggression in the youth culture. It found a surprising pattern that the aggressive behavior in children did not change between the 3rd and 5th grades, but rose sharply between the 5th and 6th grades. They credit this to the physiological changes in the mind of the adolescent, mainly puberty. So how can we curve the violent trend Americans are following? The question is far deeper than originally thought. To first approach the violence problem we can look to the media who relentlessly bombards us with violent events. America has become conditioned to violence. The media should limit the violent images and stories they depict and concentrate on with more positive events like community service and helping one another. While the media is being dealt with, America should also try to educate the children about dealing with anger and internal problems at an early age. With these plans in action we can begin to make a more peaceful culture. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The banishment of guns will not affect theShow MoreRelatedGun Violence And The Gun Control1253 Words   |  6 PagesGun Violence in America According to CDC, One person is killed by a firearms every 17 minutes, 87 people are killed during an average day, and 609 are killed every week†(CDC). That means gun violence is out of control, and you can be next. In fact, there s been an increase of mass murders occurring everywhere due to guns. Which has brought our attention to the gun violence in our nation. They say guns are for protection, but in reality there seems to be more murder associated with it. There sRead MoreThe Necessary Solutions For Gun Violence1494 Words   |  6 Pages The Necessary Solutions To Gun Violence In today’s time there is no stopping the public from witnessing the day to day violence across America. It floods the daily news, it scrolls past our eyes through our smartphone screens, it blares through our stereos, and it’s published in our newspapers and magazines. As humans, in this day and age prosper where bad news is never hidden from the media. It is recognized all the time, the thoughts of violence crossing one s path never settling just rightRead MoreNo Rights Is Absolute And The Threat Of Gun Violence1687 Words   |  7 PagesNo Rights is absolute and the Threat of Gun Violence is becoming an Epidemic! It was Saturday night while I was just starting on my shift and getting the handover report from the outgoing nurse, when the public address system announced a â€Å"Code Black†. A code black in the hospital setting means that there is an emergency situation involving personal threats to the safety of staff and the public including assaults, confrontation, hostage situation but mostly threats of personal injury or attack. TheRead MoreGun Violence1924 Words   |  8 Pagesis the gun control epidemic. Gun violence in the United States is a national epidemic. Many people take advantage of guns using and manipulating the tool with hardly any thought. Countless lives have been lost due to fact that people have been able to obtain firearms legally or illegally and have taken the notion to be judge, jury and executioner in holding ones live in their hands. This is a common issue that will continue if action is not taken as a nation to try and stop it. Gun violence can Read MoreGu n Violence And Gun Control1406 Words   |  6 Pages Gun violence in America is a huge topic of discussion. Many people have heard about this topic on the news or in the newspaper, but have very little knowledge on this ongoing topic. Those who have a lack of information on gun control tend to not feel strongly towards guns or people owning or carrying guns. People that have never been around guns are often scared of them, but the truth is a gun is nothing more than a hunk of metal. For a gun to go off the gun needs a shooter, so should the realRead MoreGun Violence And Gun Control1043 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced epidemic level of gun violence taking place in every corner of country. Actually owning gun is legal in the USA, it’s actually our second amendment; the right to bare firearms. Approximately 300 million Americans held gun in their homes. Gun violence has centered in our community as major issue. Gun violence and gun ownership have been in the news lately due to numerous shooting taking place at Movie theatre, Offices, , colleges and even elementary schools. The gun issue discussion were evenRead MoreGun Violence : It Is Well Known Gun1543 Words   |  7 PagesGun Violence in America Thomas Leonard February 9, 2017 As it is well known gun violence is a major problem in today’s society, places like Chicago and New York City have a serious epidemic on their hands. It is not uncommon to hear about an incident where a gun was involved in these big cities on a day to day basis, but it’s not just the big cities, these type of things are happening nationwide. There has been an argument for many decades whether the cause of such violence is due to the lack ofRead MoreGuns And Crime And Violence Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesGuns and crime. These two words sound interesting, right? Now think about it deeply, do they really link to each other? Do guns surely lead to crime and violent issues? If so, should governments set restrictive rules for people who own and use the guns, such as provide the mental health reports, and test the shooting skills before purchasing the guns? These questions have been mentioned and discussed over and over again in today’s world. We can often hear the news about gun violence, such as a tragicRead MoreGun Control Laws Do Not Reduce Gun Violence779 Words   |  4 Pages Gun control laws Introduction: I believe that gun control laws will actually increase robberies, murders, and other crime. Think of it like this ok, you and your kids are sleeping in your beds. Then you hear your front door being kicked in. You see people walking around your house stealing your tv’s, your kids game systems, computers, and jewelry. You begin to go for the phone and call 911, but they see you and they start to run at you and your kids with a knife. Would you rather have a gun orRead MoreGuns, Myths And Realities Of Gun Violence2210 Words   |  9 PagesThis paper will explore the history of guns, myths and realities of gun violence. Gun violence is a hot topic in America today and some may believe that America was built on gun violence. This country was colonized by the use of violence with guns. We’ve had wars since the invasion of this country. The violence has been around also with the well-known 1775 speech from Patrick Henry, â€Å"Give me liberty or give me de ath† (Jr.). Give me death is a very strong statement that to me means this is of

Why School Should Pass Out Condoms At High School Students

In this day in time it is not an uncommon sight in my school to see a young girl with a baby bump. Or when you hear of that someone has contracted an STD it is not that surprising. My mom speaks of a time when someone contracted a STD it was handled like a death sentence. Also whenever a young girl became pregnant after she started â€Å"showing† you would not see her until after the baby was delivered. I believe that there are countless factors to why many teens in my Community are more vulnerable to having risky sex, such as the media, lack of activities and peer pressure. I believe that since most teens between the ages of 13-18 are in school for eight hours out of the day five day a week and many parents are at work when they arrive home until late at night that this issue could be addressed at school. So I believe that schools should pass out condoms to high school students. The media glamorizes sex and unknowingly encourages teen pregnancy. I come from a school with the majority are minority and generally we listen to Rap, Hip hop and other sexually explicit music. I feel that this is sending a misleading message to the upcoming generation. Almost 750,000 U.S. teens aged 15–19 become pregnant. At my school in the year of 2012 six high school females became pregnant. Then 2013 school year eleven female students got pregnant. Last year 2014 a staggering twenty-four girl got pregnant six had a miscarriage. This number is alarming. And even though this school has just startedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Teaching No, but Saying Yes1540 Words   |  7 Pagessoon be parents or must now live with an incurable disease. With this information in mind, American public schools need to be teaching middle school and high schools students the importance of safe sex. Many programs focus on the idea of abstinence, refraining from sexual activity until marriage, but t hese programs seem to have little to no effect on our youth. By age 19, most college students have engaged in some type of sexual activity. With this information, programs need to be set up to show AmericanRead MoreSex Ed in Middle School1723 Words   |  7 PagesSex Education Should be Taught in Middle School Starting sex education at a younger age is a sensitive issue. Our society becomes more and more liberal about sexual issues of the younger generations, but sex education in middle schools or from their parents are still the same as it was in the past, giving superficial information to students. Most teachers or parents are not prepared to let their students informed about contraception, because most of them think that students are very naive and theyRead More Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Essays1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthe past few years less sex and more condoms use has meant lower rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. Abstinence is not a crime, as most teenagers and their peers seem to think. The actual crime among teens is not being able to fit in. Most teens have sex because of their peers being sexually active. The percentage of sexually active males declined from 57.4 percent to 48.8 percent, essentially erasing the gender gap. In high school students a lone the rate for being sexuallyRead MoreSex Education And Birth Control1384 Words   |  6 PagesXueBing Xie Mr. Hines ELA 11 College English 1/29/15 Rough Draft (4pgs) Title: Sex Education and Birth Control should be enforced to prevent Teenage Pregnancies â€Å"Approximately one million teens get pregnant and give birth every year in the United States. Eighty percent of those births are to unmarried teens (ProQuest Staff)†. Teenage Pregnancy is when a mentally immature female adolescent under the age of nineteen is pregnant. Pregnant Teenagers would have to face many consequences and problemsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1914 Words   |  8 Pagesreceive no help from anyone. Shortly after she gives birth, she dies because her body is unable to fight off opportunistic infections any longer. The baby is then left to grow, survive, and fend for him or herself. This deadly pattern continues, which is why Africa is home to the most HIV-positive people (the majority of whom happens to be black). It is unclear to me how America can have money for wars and entertainment, yet there are still other human beings suffering from a deadly disease. It seems asRead MoreChurch vs. State1298 Words   |  6 Pagesin the pledge of allegiance; which is practically force fed to all public school students throughout their academic careers. Federal endorsement of a deity or religion violates the United States constitution. Yet here we are as Americans, reciting this pledge at nearly every social gathering; from sporting events to high school assemblies. And we are using this money for anything and everything. Day after day these words pass through our hands and through our minds and most Americans think nothingRead MoreChlamydia Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesmost common sexually transmitted disease is a disease that isnt as well known. This disease is called chlamydia. Chlamydia is a disease that is infecting young adults all over the country. This disease is of great concern for indivi duals in high school and those in college. This disease is the leading cause of sterility. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily infects cells in the tube which carrries urine from the bladderRead MoreIs The Women Be Blame For Staying? A Violence Relationship?1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbe physical abuse, verbal, emotional, or sexual abuse, or a combination. Date violence happens to people of all races, and cultures. It can happen on first date or when you have been a relationship for a long time. Date violence has no time frame. Why do we blame the women for staying in an abusive relationship? No one enters into an abusive relationship on purpose. The signs be right there in our face and we don’t even see them. Women be so focus on trying to please their man and don’t realizeRead MoreSexually Transmitted Infections And Young Adults2462 Words   |  10 Pagesadults have been a concern of mine since I was in high school. I grew up in California and it seemed that the spread of STIs was always talked about. I lived about one and a half hours from San Francisco and the transmission of HIV always seemed that it was a problem in that area. I grew up afraid that if I had sex I would contract a STI the first time I had sex. This was mostly due to concern the school made of STIs. During my high school years we had several classes on sex education. TheseRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Rates And The United States3104 Words   |  13 Pagesrecent years, the rates are far behind European countries. Studies have shown that U.S. teenagers have (a) high rates of sexual intercourse at a younger age, (b) high rates of sex without contraceptives, (c) high rates of pregnancy, (d) and high number of multiple sex partners in comparison to European countries like Sweden, France, Netherland (Bell, 2009). One of the main reasons for high rates of teenage pregnancy in the U.S. is the continuation of ineffective abstinence based education (Bell,

Problems Faced by International Students Free Essays

International students are the ones that are coming to study in a foreign country or foreign educational institutions. Andrade Snow defined the term â€Å"international student† applying to the UK as individual enrolled in institutions of higher education who are on temporary student visa and are non-native English speakers. However, Bamford gives a definition which differs a little bit: â€Å"The term ‘international students’ is taken here to mean those students who have been educated in a national education system outside the UK and who on the whole are likely to be non-native speakers of English, although this is not necessarily the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems Faced by International Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Bamford, 2008, p59) In the latter definition there has a little difference from the first one. It mentions an insignificant, on the face of it, feature – mother tongue even though it is one of the toughest challenges anyone going abroad might possibly face – language barrier. Over the past several years, the number of student going to study abroad has been gradually increasing. United Kingdom became one of the most popular destinations of international students to head to. According to statistics provided by Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) and later used by Angela Harrison for an article in BBC news, their quantity increased by 32% from 2005 to 2010 and 1. 64% from 428225 in 2010/2011 to 435235 in 2011/2012. New coming international students in the United Kingdom are most likely to find it challenging to adapt to newly arising problems such as homesickness, language problems and adapt to new surroundings, academic culture and lifestyle. The very first thing every student notices when coming to study abroad except for the different language, if this is the case, is the difference in culture and the way of living. For the most people arriving in the UK the greatest shock is the right hand side driving. However, those are not the most important difference for the one’s seeking for education in Great Britain. Academic culture in the UK does not generally match the one of their motherland’s. The main emphasis here is made on self-work and trying to understand the material rather then doing main aspects during lessons or lectures and a student being given all the information needed and just being asked to memorise it and be able to answer the questions correctly. Therefore we can come to the conclusion that there is a different system of learning in here to which foreign students have already got used to. One of the key aspects is the interaction between a teacher and a student. In most countries teachers give all the information needed to the student and then gives out assignments to be completed. In the UK, however, it is all up to a student. Teachers are there only to guide students rather than do all the work for them. One can always rely on the tutor to ask for any questions a class might have and advice what literature they should read in order to succeed instead of giving a fixed list of books to read and set of questions to answer. The latter one is commonly used in such educational systems as the one’s of ex-USSR countries alongside with learning things by rote. It might be quiet hard for the freshers to get used to the whole new style of learning material. Some of the students might even try to get back to the skills and schemes they acquired back at their home countries in order to cope and keep up with the current work but generally the experience of students shows that it is worth trying to get along with the new ones they are given. Mainly because new skills they are being taught are adjusted especially for the particular learning schematics used in the United Kingdom. There is no doubt that approaches towards learning vary from country to country. The only obvious solution is for an educate to get along with his or her situation and try to make best of the hits he gets from the tutor without bearing against them and carrying on with what is already familiar. â€Å"To accommodate students’ learning styles, teachers need to apply new management techniques for the classroom which they can learn in Diploma in Holistic Education Programme. † This is a piece of advice, given by Prashing Style Solutions, in order to make it easier for students to adapt with any different learning styles to the ones they are already used to it. One of another probable complications to arise is the problem of homesickness. Leaving family, friends, and a home culture in pursuit of an academic opportunity abroad, international students frequently find themselves simultaneously grieving for missed persons and places, building new social networks, and adjusting to new cultural and environmental demands (Chen, 1999; Mori, 2000; Sandhu Asrabadi, 1994). And according to a research conducted at Warwick University, â€Å"up to 70% of students will experience homesickness in their early days at university. It is a normal part of the experience of leaving home. However, even mild homesickness deserves careful attention. It is a reminder of our need to respect our physical and emotional needs at a time of stress. Yet, for some people the results of homesickness are quite disabling, and need additional support from parents, friends or professionals. † For someone this might be the first experience of being abroad alone without family and friends. This might be a critical strike for someone as this leads to a fall in academic life as well. Homesickness is known to bring about such problems as emotional bursts, loss of concentration and will strength to do anything, reticence, problems with sleeping and nutrition, sadness and in some cases even mental disorder. Such feelings as loneliness, depression and the illusion of being pressurised by peers also derive from homesickness. This instability makes people an easy target for bullies and offensive jokes. All the surroundings and even the environment around might seem to be hostile. Everything to what a person has got used to is gone in a matter of a second. We can tell that homesickness occurs when a person leaves a supporting social life back home, and at a sudden finds him/herself all alone in a new environment missing that support as well as he/she is away from it, which makes it hard to decide to just step back into it (Beck, 2002). A solution to this problem might be trying to find new friend in order to have someone to whom a person can always talk to. Generally, people are trying to find some of their co-nationals and stick to them as it makes their stay easier and more pleasant even though it has an influence on their productivity (Tompson and Tompson’s 1996). This is not the only reasonable category of choosing new friends. It is a good idea to join some social clubs and find people who have the same interests and passion so that you have some common ground lest not to feel lonely, gain confidence and lessen the amount of tress and psychological problems. And what is more, all the modern technology available at our hands makes it much easier to communicate with friends and relatives left overseas. Last but not least, nearly in all the cases there is a problem of a language problem. There is no doubt that language is one of the most important problems, as most of the students come from non – English speaking countries. As a consequence, there are difficulties at expressing oneself and understanding others present. Struggling with language usually means an increased amount of time spent on accomplishing. Moreover it makes it harder to integrate into the society. Even the University of Leeds Language Centre’s research states that international students enter the University with different levels of proficiency in English and varying degrees of familiarity with British academic and social conventions, which makes the odds of getting on with others uneven. Trying not to be shy and communicating may be a way out. Getting into conversations and practising helps out. Even though it will probably be scary at the beginning, practise makes things perfect. It is also highly advised by psychologist to face one’s fears in order to overcome them. Other than that it also may be useful to make use of such tools as cinemas and television. Media is not only a mean of entertainment but also a tool to be used in order to enhance the level of language possessed. Academic journals and books can come in handy to enrich one’s lexicon with academic and specific vocabulary, which is generally a necessity for succeeding in studies. In the conclusion, it is not a point of argument that most of the students coming from abroad to study in the United Kingdom are going to experience anticipated problems, which, however, can be easily avoided by taking counter – measures. It is always good to remember why you chose this path for yourself and made a first step by moving to a different country. If it still is a hot issue for you and you can’t find a solution on your own, the rational answer will be to find someone who has already fought down same problems or to speak to people assign to specifically help people with those matters. How to cite Problems Faced by International Students, Papers

History of Rock and Roll Final free essay sample

We Came as Romans is all about the lyrics and the spreading of a positive message, music comes second: this is one thing I really love about this band. This past year of my life has been really hard for me and when started listening to We Came as Romans I was experiencing an extreme low. Friends helped me get through the hard times, but when they left for college and the military was by myself and all I had was music. We Came as Romans helped me with their loving lyrics and got me where am today. Before We Came as Romans, Sean N. Zelda, David Stephens, Johnny Nabobs,Mark Meaty, and Joshua Moore created a band called This Emergency in August 2005. Only having a couple of shows in the Detroit area the band parted ways in November of the same year. Zelda left for the University of Michigan and Nabobs left the band for his own reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Rock and Roll Final or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later in 2006 their close friend joined the band as a vocalist and teamed up with Meaty, changing the bands name to Mel Came as Romans. The new members who joined the band are Eric Choc on drums, Lou Cotton on rhythm guitar, Andrew Glass on bass guitar, Kyle Avon on clean vocals and key board, on the lead guitarJoshua Moor, of course, and following with David Stephens on unclean vocals. After getting the rest of the band members up to par, the Demonstrations PEP (extended play) came out. YWCA had one tour and wasnt doing that great. Later in December of 2008 another PEP came out called Dreams. The PEP had four songs: Conditions, Shapes, Intentions, and Dreams. Short and sweet, but lasting and fulfilling. We Came As Romans new PEP, Dreams is less raw, synthesizer, and catchier. This PEP is only four songs long, but lasts approximately 15 minutes in length. Four out of the five [people] who reviewed the PEP Hough it was well written (Sputnik). This PEP started the career for We Came as Romans. There have been albums and one single released since Dreams: To Plant a Seed in November 2009 and Understanding What W?eve Grown to Be in September 201 1. To Plant a Seed had the message of To love others and to love in general said by Joshua Moore, one of the main songwriters. These positive messages of love and brotherhood set the stage for the bands overall themes. In their latest album their tone is much darker and describes the challenges of growing up. Both albums had great reviews: 10 out of 10 for years.We Came as Romans fans are more than happy with the release of their new album. Now they have toured the country and all around the world, from across America, to all over Europe, Canada, Australia and even Japan. They will be on tour for the next four to five months. Love is their most important message. Now as much as ever, they are sending a positive message to love and care for one another. Just saying the word love may be too general of a term. Brotherhood (and the idea behind the true meaning of the word) is constantly supported by their message of love. Brotherhood is the comradely of love. To Plant a Seed talks a great deal about love and brotherhood. The meaning of brotherhood is essentially any close group of friends that hold each other close and last through thick and thin. Close friends are very important. They can help you get through almost anything and support you in any circumstance. Some may think that they are a Christian band, but, in fact, they are just a normal band sending a loving message. It is hard to find a band that is not Christian but sends a positive message. Life has never been easy, and for most people it continually tests tougher.Music is a way for people to connect to what other people are feeling, whether it be depression, happiness, or anything else. We Came as Romans created this band to share their loving message about life and friends. The music comes second after the lyrics but is still a big part of We Came as Romans. The instruments used are a drum set, a bass, two guitars, a keyboard and two singers; one with a deep heavy scream and one with a higher pitch. Usually on a drum set there is only one mini splash symbol above the regular splash symbol but on Eries drum set, he uses 4 to 5 of hem for extra sounds. Eric Choc has some great beats, but a generic sound through his use of the double bass pedal to keep along with the rhythm guitar player. The bassist does the same for any other band, keeps the beat and the bass line for the song. One thing that is unique about this band is that they are a heavy metal/punk band but have no crazy guitar solos. The standard tuning for a guitar is E,A,D,G,B,E, the tuning that Lou and Joshua use are drop D and drop C tuning. Drop D is just changing the first E string to D tuning but drop C is C, G, C, F, A, D, and this creates a much lower sound than he standard tuning.The guitar playing is mostly power and bar chords and strumming on the open E string. There is some single string playing with scales, hammer ones and pull offs but nothing too eccentric. For the most part both guitars are distorted with some use of clean sounds. Kyle Pantone, one of the vocalists, also plays keyboard in a way that adds a uniqueness to the band. The keyboard is used throughout each album; mostly for intros and breakdowns using synthesizers, xylophone sounds, and light techno beats. The vocalists go hand in hand with each other.There is David who sings the eave screaming and Kyle who sings high pitched. Each song has a harmonious balance of screaming and singing. Some songs are telling a story and both of the vocalists seem like they are talking back to each other, ultimately making the music fantastic. Overall the music has a noshing beat style, with keyboard effects, basic guitar and bass lines, and dual core vocals to wrap it all together. We Came as Romans has constantly plucked the string of positive energy, with powerful and inspiring lyrics. To Plant a Seed was their first album but also one of their most popular songs.To plant a Seed tells a story about how they have planted a seed for their future and how they grew together into each of their lives. Weve planted a seed, an ever growing wonder to a beautiful tree, grow Each branch outstretched and different from the last The right ones have grown in to fill in the gaps and all are equal in love and trust, and all are a part of something so much bigger than this Four years ago we planted a seed, found that foundation that we need; striver for the perfect balance to show love and show compassion. My future started tit the first note that I ever played, the first note that was ever sang. These are lyrics from To Plant a Seed. As you read, it is a story about how they came to be. Dreams was another popular song from their second PEP. This is my deepest dream, this is how I show you my love Lam here struggling with my brothers, this is the most passion you will ever see But after all of whats between, you still chose yourself over me L know that you are forever my brother, here I struggle with you my brother . .. He tells me that love endures all things Voided let us love one another.Dreams tells a story about brotherhood and all the things that both the band and all friends struggle with, but they are still brothers and are there for each other. Mis Understanding is another popular song from their second album that was released before the album was out. Mis Understanding tells a story about how they cannot understand things now, after all the love and compassion they have shown the world. Am not understanding this now? This world Ive held so close to my heart is all against me now.. . Let wears me down, down to my bones, wearing away until Im nothingThis world Ive held so close to my heart is now more broken than ever. I tried compassion and to love every other, Ive tried forgiveness and to hold on to my brothers. Look at where its left us. .. Have you ever felt like you did everything right and it still all went wrong So unsure of everything, I live in the marriage of life and love but was mistaken all along? This happens all the time in life. You do something great, and the worst possible thing happens and you are so confused and angry at the world. These are just some songs that We Came as Romans has o offer and there are plenty more with moving devoted, and meaningful lyrics.We Came as Romans inspired me when I was at the worst time in my life. During Christmas of 2010 1 found out that my parents of 32 years were getting divorced and my on and Off girlfriend of 2 years cheated on me with one my best friends. They kept this a secret for 7 months. Not only was I torn apart from my parents and my girlfriend, I had to pay for school myself last year and my two closest friends had to leave for college and the military. I was completely stressed and depressed for most of last year. I can look back ND see it was the hardest time in my life. Before my buddy, Peter, left to go back to the Navy he introduced some new bands to me, Attack Attack, Asking Alexandria, The Devil Wears Pravda, and We Came as Romans. My way of feeling better was chain smoking and listening to heavy metal, not the greatest thing but when I started listening to the actual lyrics by We Came as Romans, I fell in love with them. So many of their songs were incorporated into my life and helped me get through one of the hardest times in my life. To Move on is to GroW was a single that was released between their first ND second album and it is my favorite song by We Came as Romans.I grew a lot in the past year, after all the experiences I had to deal with by myself. I loved this song so much I recently got my first tattoo saying To Move on is to Grow. see this is true not only for the experiences for the past year but for more to come. Moving on from anything traumatic in your life makes you grow, sometimes for the better or for worse. I have never felt so connected to a band before. Even if I move on to something new, Ill know that We Came as Romans was there for me when needed them most.We Came as Romans is a heavy metal/Punk band that sends out a positive message about lifes difficulties and to love everyone. The band was created in 2005 and the original band members are from Troy, Michigan. We Came as Romans had difficulty when they first started and lost some members due to college. Joshua Moore, one of the original members who is also the main songwriter, was inspired by love for one another and decided that was going to be the main message to get across. The music comes second to the years for this band. With dual vocals, excellent breakdowns, keyboard sound effects, they create a unique sound to their music.The lyrics are what We Came as Romans is all about: love, trust, brotherhood, moving on, growing, changing your life for the better, and to love everybody around you. We Came as Romans was a band that I listened to when I was at a very depressing stage in my life. I was alone in the world and for the most part, music was the only thing there for me in the end. The lyrics and music that We Came as Romans has created became a light in my dark life. We Came as Romans made it possible to share their loving views through music, and they are creating a utter outlook on life.